電機和電源控制中的最新微控制器技術(shù)

第1 章 電力電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用綜述············································· 001

1.1 電力電子技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀··················································· 002

1.2 市場應(yīng)用場景······························································· 005

1.3 未來發(fā)展方向展望························································· 010

1.4 小結(jié)··········································································· 011

第2 章 電機和電源控制簡介················································· 013

2.1 常見電機類型及其控制技術(shù)············································· 014

2.1.1 直流電機····························································· 014

2.1.2 交流電機····························································· 016

2.2 常見電力電子變換拓?fù)洹ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁ?020

2.2.1 整流電路····························································· 021

2.2.2 降壓斬波電路······················································ 024

2.2.3 升壓斬波電路······················································· 025

2.2.4 升降壓斬波電路···················································· 025

2.2.5 諧振變換器電路···················································· 026

2.3 感應(yīng)式無線充電技術(shù)······················································ 029

2.4 小結(jié)··········································································· 031

第3 章 電機和電源控制中的微控制器技術(shù)介紹······················ 033

3.1 典型電機和電源數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)···································· 034

3.2 電機和電源控制中的微控制器技術(shù)概況······························ 036

3.2.1 電機和電源控制中的微控制器技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀················ 037

3.2.2 電機和電源控制中的微控制器技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢················ 041

3.2.3 恩智浦半導(dǎo)體電機和電源微控制器產(chǎn)品路線規(guī)劃

及主要特點·························································· 043

3.3 小結(jié)··········································································· 046

第4 章 控制軟件編程基礎(chǔ)及相關(guān)調(diào)試技術(shù)····························· 049

4.1 數(shù)字控制軟件編程基礎(chǔ)··················································· 050

4.1.1 信號數(shù)字化處理···················································· 050

4.1.2 變量定標(biāo)····························································· 052

4.1.3 參數(shù)標(biāo)幺表示······················································· 053

4.2 實時控制軟件架構(gòu)實現(xiàn)簡介············································· 054

4.2.1 狀態(tài)機································································ 054

4.2.2 時序調(diào)度機制······················································· 057

4.3 實時控制軟件開發(fā)及調(diào)試················································ 058

4.3.1 實時控制軟件庫的應(yīng)用··········································· 058

4.3.2 實時調(diào)試工具······················································· 064

4.3.3 相關(guān)調(diào)試技巧······················································· 068

4.4 小結(jié)··········································································· 070

第5 章 永磁同步電機的數(shù)字控制·········································· 071

5.1 永磁同步電機的數(shù)學(xué)模型················································ 072

5.1.1 三相永磁同步電機數(shù)學(xué)模型···································· 073

5.1.2 兩相靜止坐標(biāo)系的數(shù)學(xué)模型···································· 074

5.1.3 兩相轉(zhuǎn)子同步坐標(biāo)系的數(shù)學(xué)模型······························ 075

5.1.4 坐標(biāo)變換····························································· 077

5.2 永磁同步電機的磁場定向控制·········································· 078

5.2.1 電流控制環(huán)························································· 079

5.2.2 轉(zhuǎn)速控制環(huán)························································· 082

5.3 最大轉(zhuǎn)矩電流比和弱磁控制············································· 083

5.3.1 最大轉(zhuǎn)矩電流比控制············································· 084

5.3.2 弱磁控制····························································· 087

5.4 無位置傳感器控制························································· 092

5.4.1 基于反電動勢的位置估計······································· 092

5.4.2 基于高頻信號注入的位置估計································· 096

5.4.3 基于定子磁通的位置估計······································· 099

5.5 電機控制所需的微控制器資源·········································· 102

5.5.1 脈沖寬度調(diào)制器（PWM） ······································ 103

5.5.2 模/數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器（ADC） ············································ 105

5.5.3 正交解碼器（DEC） ············································· 105

5.5.4 定時器（Timer） ·················································· 106

5.5.5 PWM 和ADC 硬件同步·········································· 106

5.6 典型永磁同步電機控制方案············································· 107

5.6.1 帶位置傳感器的伺服控制······································· 107

5.6.2 無位置傳感器的磁場定向控制································· 109

5.6.3 典型案例分析—風(fēng)機控制···································· 110

5.7 小結(jié)··········································································· 125

第6 章 無刷直流電機的數(shù)字控制·········································· 127

6.1 無刷直流電機模型························································· 128

6.1.1 無刷直流電機的本體結(jié)構(gòu)········································ 128

6.1.2 無刷直流電機的數(shù)學(xué)模型········································ 129

6.2 六步換相控制及所需的微控制器資源································· 131

6.2.1 無刷直流電機六步換相控制的基本原理······················ 131

6.2.2 六步換相PWM 調(diào)制方式及其對電壓和電流的影響······· 133

6.2.3 六步換相無傳感器控制··········································· 138

6.2.4 六步換相控制所需的微控制器資源···························· 140

6.3 典型無刷直流電機控制方案············································· 141

6.3.1 基于KE02 的無刷直流電機無位置傳感器控制············· 142

6.3.2 基于MC9S08SU16 的無人機電調(diào)解決方案·················· 148

6.4 小結(jié)··········································································· 152

第7 章 開關(guān)磁阻電機的數(shù)字控制·········································· 153

7.1 開關(guān)磁阻電機的基本工作原理·········································· 154

7.1.1 電機結(jié)構(gòu)····························································· 154

7.1.2 電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩的產(chǎn)生···················································· 155

7.1.3 繞組反電動勢······················································· 157

7.2 兩相SRM 的數(shù)字控制···················································· 158

7.2.1 PWM 控制下的繞組導(dǎo)通模式··································· 159

7.2.2 電壓控制方法······················································· 160

7.2.3 檢測電流峰值的無位置傳感器控制方法······················ 161

7.2.4 電機從靜止開始起動·············································· 163

7.2.5 電機從非靜止時開始起動········································ 166

7.2.6 兩相SRM 數(shù)字控制所需的微控制器資源··················· 166

7.3 典型方案分析—高速真空吸塵器···································· 167

7.3.1 系統(tǒng)介紹····························································· 167

7.3.2 相電流與母線電壓的檢測······································· 170

7.3.3 電機的控制流程··················································· 175

7.3.4 峰值電流的檢測方法············································· 184

7.4 小結(jié)··········································································· 185

第8 章 交流感應(yīng)電機的數(shù)字控制·········································· 187

8.1 交流感應(yīng)電機模型························································· 188

8.1.1 交流感應(yīng)電機的本體結(jié)構(gòu)······································· 188

8.1.2 交流感應(yīng)電機的控制方法概述································· 190

8.1.3 交流感應(yīng)電機的數(shù)學(xué)模型······································· 191

8.2 轉(zhuǎn)子磁鏈定向控制························································· 194

8.2.1 最大轉(zhuǎn)矩電流比控制············································· 196

8.2.2 交流感應(yīng)電機弱磁控制·········································· 198

8.2.3 定子電壓解耦······················································ 199

8.2.4 帶位置傳感器時轉(zhuǎn)子磁鏈位置估算··························· 200

8.2.5 無位置傳感器控制················································ 201

8.3 典型交流感應(yīng)電機控制方案············································· 206

8.3.1 控制環(huán)路介紹······················································ 207

8.3.2 低成本電流及轉(zhuǎn)速采樣實現(xiàn)方案······························ 209

8.3.3 轉(zhuǎn)子時間常數(shù)校正················································ 214

8.3.4 應(yīng)用軟件設(shè)計······················································ 215

8.3.5 系統(tǒng)時序設(shè)計······················································ 216

8.4 小結(jié)··········································································· 218

第9 章 步進(jìn)電機的數(shù)字控制················································· 219

9.1 步進(jìn)電機工作原理························································· 220

9.1.1 步進(jìn)電機的結(jié)構(gòu)簡介·············································· 220

9.1.2 步進(jìn)電機的工作原理簡介········································ 221

9.2 位置開環(huán)的細(xì)分控制及所需的微控制器資源························ 223

9.2.1 細(xì)分控制····························································· 223

9.2.2 驅(qū)動電路和PWM 方法··········································· 225

9.2.3 步進(jìn)電機位置開環(huán)的控制結(jié)構(gòu)·································· 228

9.3 位置閉環(huán)的矢量控制及所需的微控制器資源························ 229

9.3.1 步進(jìn)電機矢量控制················································· 229

9.3.2 步進(jìn)電機弱磁控制················································· 231

9.3.3 步進(jìn)伺服的典型控制結(jié)構(gòu)········································ 234

9.3.4 轉(zhuǎn)速計算原理及結(jié)合微控制器的應(yīng)用························· 235

9.4 典型步進(jìn)電機控制方案··················································· 239

9.5 小結(jié)··········································································· 245

第10 章 AC/DC 變換器的數(shù)字控制······································· 247

10.1 AC/DC 變換器工作原理················································· 248

10.1.1 PFC 基本工作原理··············································· 249

10.1.2 LLC 諧振變換器基本工作原理································ 251

10.2 PFC 的數(shù)字控制··························································· 254

10.2.1 控制策略··························································· 254

10.2.2 電流控制器設(shè)計·················································· 255

10.2.3 PFC 數(shù)字控制所需的微控制器資源·························· 257

10.3 LLC 的數(shù)字控制·························································· 259

10.3.1 控制策略··························································· 259

10.3.2 LLC 諧振變換器數(shù)字控制所需的微控制器資源·········· 262

10.4 典型案例分析—高效服務(wù)器電源·································· 263

10.4.1 圖騰柱無橋PFC 系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)····································· 264

10.4.2 LLC 諧振變換器系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)····································· 268

10.5 小結(jié)········································································· 274

第11 章 感應(yīng)式無線充電的數(shù)字控制····································· 275

11.1 感應(yīng)式無線充電工作原理·············································· 276

11.1.1 能量的傳輸方式·················································· 277

11.1.2 通信方式及解調(diào)簡介············································ 279

11.2 無線充電標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Qi ························································· 281

11.2.1 通信方式詳述····················································· 281

11.2.2 系統(tǒng)控制··························································· 283

11.3 Qi 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)感應(yīng)式無線充電微控制器··································· 289

11.3.1 無線充電微控制器介紹········································· 289

11.3.2 Qi 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無線充電發(fā)射器硬件模塊···························· 291

11.3.3 無線充電發(fā)射器軟件架構(gòu)及重要功能實現(xiàn)················· 293

11.3.4 無線充電重要功能的數(shù)字實現(xiàn)方式·························· 296

11.4 無線充電典型應(yīng)用······················································· 301

11.4.1 消費及工業(yè)類無線充電發(fā)射器································ 301

11.4.2 車載無線充電發(fā)射器············································ 303

11.4.3 恩智浦半導(dǎo)體無線充電發(fā)射器主要模塊···················· 305

11.4.4 恩智浦半導(dǎo)體無線充電接收器簡介·························· 312

11.4.5 系統(tǒng)主要性能指標(biāo)··············································· 315

11.5 小結(jié)········································································· 318

參考文獻(xiàn)················································································ 319

本書全面介紹了當(dāng)前主流的電機和電源數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)的基本原理、相關(guān)控制技術(shù)理論和市場應(yīng)用場景，并針對電機和電源數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)的架構(gòu)，分享了電機和電源數(shù)字控制用的微控制器的基本資源需求，以及市場上主流廠商的最新技術(shù)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。此外，對基于微控制器的控制軟件編程技術(shù)及相關(guān)調(diào)試技術(shù)也進(jìn)行了總結(jié)闡述。除了理論介紹，本書篇幅上著墨于工程實踐的角度出發(fā)，介紹基于恩智浦半導(dǎo)體微控制器實現(xiàn)的主流電機類型和電源拓?fù)涞目刂瓢咐?，分享了實際工程開發(fā)中有關(guān)微控制器控制的應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗和方法。其中電機控制的應(yīng)用內(nèi)容包括永磁同步電機（PMSM）的無位置傳感器矢量控制（FOC）和有位置傳感器的伺服控制、基于轉(zhuǎn)子磁鏈定向的交流異步電機（ACIM）矢量控制、無刷直流電機的無位置傳感器控制、開關(guān)磁阻電機的無位置傳感器峰值電流檢測控制、步進(jìn)電機的位置開環(huán)細(xì)分控制和位置閉環(huán)伺服控制；電源控制部分則包括以圖騰柱無橋式PFC 變換器和LLC DC/DC 諧振變換器為例的AC/DC 控制，以及符合無線充電聯(lián)盟（WPC）Qi 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的15W 感應(yīng)式無線充電系統(tǒng)的控制。

本書面向已具備一定電機、電源、控制和微控制器基本知識的讀者，可為高校電氣、電力電子專業(yè)的研究生和企業(yè)工程技術(shù)人員提供參考和借鑒。

定義

電源控制板 [diàn yuán kong zhi ban ]

[Power control board] 電源控制板是控制電源的裝置。

控制電源的電流，電壓的裝置叫做電源控制板。

電源控制板普通電源控制板

又可細(xì)分為：開關(guān)電源控制板、 逆變電源控制板、交流穩(wěn)壓電源控制板、直流穩(wěn)壓電源控制板、DC/DC電源控制板、穩(wěn)壓電源控制板、 通信電源控制板、 模塊電源控制板、 變頻電源控制板、UPS電源控制板 、 EPS應(yīng)急電源控制板 、凈化電源控制板 、 PC電源控制板、 整流電源控制板 、 定制電源、加熱電源控制板、 焊接電源/電弧電源控制板 、電鍍電源控制板 、 網(wǎng)絡(luò)電源控制板、 電力操作電源控制板 、適配器電源控制板、 線性電源控制板、 電源控制器/驅(qū)動器控制板 、 功率電源控制板、 其他普通電源 逆變電源控制板、參數(shù)電源控制板、調(diào)壓電源控制板、變壓器電源控制板，中頻電源控制板，高頻電源控制板。

電源控制板特種電源控制板

特種電源控制板又可細(xì)分為：安防電源控制板、 高壓電源控制板、 醫(yī)療電源控制板 、 軍用電源控制板、 航空航天電源控制板 、激光電源控制板、 其他特種電源控制板.2100433B