洋蔥式圓頂

In 1946, the historian BorisRybakov, while analysing miniatures of ancient Russianchronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward,display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes.Nikolay Voronin, the foremostauthority on pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that oniondomes existed in Russiaas early as the thirteenth century, although they presumably could not bewidespread.These findings demonstrated that Russian onion domes could not be imported from the Orient, where onion domes did not replace spherical domes until thefifteenth century.

1946年，歷史學(xué)家鮑里斯·雷巴科夫，在分析古老的俄羅斯編年史里的袖珍畫的時候，指出了從13世紀(jì)起，大部分教堂擁有洋蔥式圓頂，而不是頭盔的圓頂。尼古拉·沃羅寧是前蒙古俄羅斯建筑的權(quán)威學(xué)者，他認(rèn)為，早在13世紀(jì)，洋蔥式圓頂已在俄羅斯存在了，盡管它們大概并不普遍存在。這些調(diào)查結(jié)果表明，直到十五世紀(jì)，俄羅斯的洋蔥式圓頂才取代球形穹頂，在此之前是無法引進(jìn)來自東方的洋蔥式圓頂。

SergeyZagraevsky, a modern art historian, surveyed hundreds of Russian icons and miniatures,from the eleventh century onward.， He concluded that most icons painted after the Mongol invasion of Rusdisplay only onion domes.First onion domes displayed on some pictures oftwelfth century (two miniatures from Dobrylov Evangelie). He found only one icon from the late fifteenth century displaying a domeresembling the helmet instead of an onion.

謝爾蓋Zagraevsky，是一個現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)史學(xué)家，他研究了從11世紀(jì)起的數(shù)百個俄羅斯圣像和微型畫。他總結(jié)說，大多數(shù)在蒙古人入侵俄羅斯后繪制的圣像畫，只繪制洋蔥式圓頂。首例的洋蔥圓頂在第十二世紀(jì)（兩張來自Dobrylov Evangelie的微型畫像）的一些繪畫中有所顯示。他發(fā)現(xiàn)十五世紀(jì)后期只有一幅圣像畫上顯示了一個類似頭盔的圓頂，而不是洋蔥圓頂。

Zagraevsky explains theubiquitous appearance of onion domes in the late thirteenth century by thegeneral emphasis on verticality characteristic of Russian architecture from thelate twelfth to early fifteenth centuries,At that period, porches,pilasters, vaults and drums were arranged to create a vertical thrust, to makethe church seem taller than it was.It seems logical that elongated, or onion, domeswere part of the same proto-Gothic trend aimed at achieving pyramidal, verticalemphasis

Zagraevsky解釋，在13世紀(jì)后期無處不在洋蔥式圓頂，垂直俄羅斯建筑的特點，從后期第十二至十五世紀(jì)初普遍重視. 在此期間，門廊，壁柱，拱頂和鼓被安排創(chuàng)建一個垂直推力，使教會似乎比它高。似乎合乎邏輯的拉長，或洋蔥，圓頂?shù)囊徊糠窒嗤脑缣厥节厔荩荚趯崿F(xiàn)錐體，垂直強(qiáng)調(diào)。.

Prior to the eighteenth century,the Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to theexterior shape of a church. Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believedto symbolise burning candles. In 1917, noted religious philosopher Prince Yevgeny Trubetskoy arguedthat the onion shape of Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According toTrubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored toresemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude. Another explanationhas it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the edicula(cubiculum) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

18世紀(jì)之前，俄羅斯東正教沒有給教堂的外部形狀賦予任何特定象征意義。然而，洋蔥圓頂被普遍認(rèn)為，象征著燃燒的蠟燭。1917年，著名宗教哲學(xué)家葉夫根尼·Trubetskoy王子認(rèn)為，俄羅斯教堂的洋蔥圓頂可能無法合理解釋。根據(jù)Trubetskoy的言論，在尖細(xì)的圓頂之下的鼓形座被故意做成像蠟燭的樣子，從而體現(xiàn)一定的美學(xué)和宗教的態(tài)度。另一種解釋認(rèn)為的洋蔥穹頂最初是為了讓人想起在耶路撒冷的圣墓教堂的edicula（cubiculum）地下墓室的一種懷舊形式。

Onion domes often appear ingroups of three, representing the Holy Trinity, or five, representing JesusChrist and the Four Evangelists. Domes standing alone represent Jesus. VasilyTatischev, the first to record such interpretation, disapproved of itemphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by PatriarchNikon, who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself andfour lateral domes with four other patriarchsof the Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever heldsuch a view.

洋蔥式圓頂，經(jīng)常以三個一組的形式出現(xiàn)，代表神圣的三位一體，或五個一組的形式出現(xiàn)，代表耶穌基督和四福音。獨自出現(xiàn)的洋蔥式圓頂則代表了耶穌。瓦西里·Tatischev，記錄這樣的解釋的第一人，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)他不贊成這樣的觀點。他認(rèn)為五個圓頂?shù)慕烫眠@樣的設(shè)計是由祖師尼康傳播的，他喜歡把自己比作中間的那個最高的穹頂，而其他四個東正教的創(chuàng)始人則比作另外四個穹頂。這里沒有其他證據(jù)可以證明尼康是否曾經(jīng)持這樣的觀點。

The domes are often brightlypainted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion.Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the HolyTrinity, the Holy Spirit, and Jesus, respectively Black ball-shaped domes were once popularin the snowy north of Russia.

圓頂往往涂上明亮的顏色：它們的顏色可能不太正式地象征了宗教的不同方面。綠、藍(lán)和金色的圓頂有時候會分別代表三位一體、圣靈、耶穌。特別提一句，黑色球形圓頂曾一度流行在白雪皚皚的俄羅斯北部。

?主要存在于俄羅斯東正教教堂、巴伐利亞、德國，但也可以在莫臥兒，印度，奧地利，東歐，中東和中亞等地看到。?

Russian icons painted before the Mongol invasion of Rus do not featurechurches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that havebeen rebuilt—the Assumption Cathedral and theCathedral of St. Demetrius in Vladimir—uniquely display golden helmet domes. Restorationwork on several other ancient churches revealed some fragments of formerhelmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas.。

蒙古人入侵之前的俄羅斯圣像畫顯示，人們不會用洋蔥式圓頂裝飾教堂， 兩座重建的被高度崇敬的蒙古前教堂——圣母升天大教堂和在弗拉基米爾的圣德米特里大教堂，是唯一顯示使用了金色頭盔圓頂?shù)?。在其他一些古老教堂的修?fù)工作中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了在新的洋蔥圓頂之下有一些頭盔狀的圓頂碎片。

It has been posited that oniondomes first appeared during the reign of Ivanthe Terrible. The domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral have not beenaltered since the reign of Ivan's son Fyodor I,indicating the presence of onion domes in the sixteenth-century Russia.

人們假定洋蔥式圓頂最早出現(xiàn)在伊凡雷帝統(tǒng)治時期，圣巴西爾大教堂的圓頂自伊萬的兒子菲奧多爾的統(tǒng)治期以來就沒有被改變（破壞），由此證明了十六世紀(jì)洋蔥式圓頂?shù)某霈F(xiàn)。

Some scholars postulate thatonion domes were borrowed by Russians from Muslim countries - probably from the Khanateof Kazan, whose conquest Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St.Basil's Cathedral.Some believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architectureabove tent-like churches. According to this theory,onion domes were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling onthe roof·

一些學(xué)者推測，洋蔥式圓頂是俄羅斯人從穆斯林國家借用而來的，可能是來自喀山汗國。伊凡雷帝建造圣巴索大教堂紀(jì)念對其的侵略。有些人認(rèn)為洋蔥式圓頂首次出現(xiàn)在俄羅斯木質(zhì)建筑上面的帳篷般的教堂。根據(jù)這個理論，洋蔥式圓頂完全是出于實用，因為它們可以阻止積雪堆放在屋頂上。

Based on the notion that oniondomes did not exist in Russiabefore the mid-sixteenth century, restoration work on churches built before theseventeenth century have routinely involved replacement of onion domes with"more authentic" helmet-shaped domes. One example of such restorationis the Dormition Cathedral in the MoscowKremlin.

基于洋蔥式圓頂在十六世紀(jì)中期之前并不存在于俄羅斯的觀點，在對那些建造于十七世紀(jì)前的教堂的修復(fù)工作中 ，經(jīng)常涉及更換“更真實的”的盔形的穹頂?shù)膯栴}，這種恢復(fù)的一個例子是在莫斯科克里姆林宮的安息堂。

The onion dome is not only foundin Russian Architecture: it was also usedextensively in Mughal architecture, which later went on toinfluence Indo-Gothic architecture. Outside India,it is also used in Iran and other places in the Middle East and CentralAsia.

洋蔥式圓頂不僅存在于俄羅斯建筑，也在莫臥兒王朝建筑中被廣泛使用，后來又影響印度的哥特式建筑。印度以外，它也在伊朗和中東、中亞等其他地方使用。

Baroque domes in the shape of an onion (orother vegetables or flower-buds) were common in the HolyRoman Empire as well. The first one was built in 1576 by the architect Hans Holl (1512-1594) on the church of Saint Mary Star Abbey in Augsburg. Usually made of copper sheet, oniondomes appear on Catholic churches all over southern Germany, Czech lands,Austria andNortheast Italy. Onion domes werealso a favourite of 20th-century Austrian architectural designer Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

巴洛克式的洋蔥形狀的圓頂（或其他蔬菜或花芽）在神圣羅馬帝國是常見的。第一個巴洛克式洋蔥頂始建于1576年，由建筑師漢斯·霍爾（1512年至1594年）在奧格斯堡圣瑪麗修道院教堂修建。通常由銅片制成，洋蔥圓頂出現(xiàn)在位于德國南部，捷克的土地，奧地利和意大利東北部等地的天主教教堂。洋蔥式圓頂同樣為20世紀(jì)的 奧地利裝飾藝術(shù)家百水先生所鐘愛。