電力系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計

出版說明

序

前言

PREFACE

List of Symbols, Units, and Notation

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 History of Electric Power Systems

1.2 Present and Future Trends

1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure

1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering

1.5 PowerWorld Simulator

CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals

2.1 Phasors

2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase ac Circuits

2.3 Complex Power

2.4 Network Equations

2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 51

CHAPTER 3 Power Transformers

3.1 The Ideal Transformer

3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

3.3 The Per-Unit System

3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift

3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers

3.6 Three-Winding Transformers

3.7 Autotransformers

3.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

CHAPTER 4 Transmission Line Parameters

4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations

4.2 Resistance

4.3 Conductance

4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor

4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and ThreePhase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing

4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors

4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return

4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor

4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing

4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors

4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return

4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level

4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines

CHAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation

5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations

5.2 Transmission-Line Differential Equations

5.3 Equivalent n Circuit

5.4 Lossless Lines

5.5 Maximum Power Flow

5.6 Line Loadability

5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques

CHAPTER 6 Power Flows

6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination

6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel

……

CHAPTER 7　Symmetrical Faults

CHAPTER 8 Symmetrical Components

CHAPTER 9 Unsymmetrical Faults

CHAPTER 10 System Protection

CHAPTER 11 Power System Controls

CHAPTER 12 Trasmission Lines:Transient Operation

CHAPTER 13 Transient Stability

CHAPTER 14 Extended

Appendix2100433B

《電力系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計（第4版）》由于知識點(diǎn)全面、系統(tǒng)，理論與工程實際聯(lián)系緊密，實用性強(qiáng)，在國內(nèi)外讀者中廣受贊譽(yù)，而成為電力系統(tǒng)分析設(shè)計領(lǐng)域的重要參考資料。原書是基于美國國情而編寫的高等學(xué)校教學(xué)用書，為了使該書的內(nèi)容更為適用于廣大的中國讀者，應(yīng)機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社之邀，編者在承擔(dān)《電力系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(英文改編版·原書第4版)(附盤)》中文版翻譯工作的同時，在綜合考慮知識內(nèi)容的適用性、連貫性和行文簡潔的基礎(chǔ)上，對原書內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)做了一些調(diào)整，形成了本英文改編版。

改編版相對原書作了如下調(diào)整：原書每章均包括“案例分析”和正文（包含“習(xí)題”和“課程設(shè)計”）兩個部分。改編版為保證全書的完整性，保持原書正文內(nèi)容不變，但從中國讀者的應(yīng)用角度出發(fā)，去掉了原書各章的“案例分析”部分。同時，從刪除的“案例分析”中精選了10篇對國內(nèi)讀者較具代表性和借鑒意義的論文，組織在一起新增了第14章（Extended），為開闊讀者視野提供一個窗口，以使廣大讀者了解電力系統(tǒng)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及未來新方向。內(nèi)容涉及分布式發(fā)電、可視化電網(wǎng)、廣域安穩(wěn)控制系統(tǒng)、動態(tài)安全評估等電力系統(tǒng)前沿領(lǐng)域。

改編版的出版，是將外文教材引入、消化，使之適合中國讀者的一次有益的嘗試。原書內(nèi)容經(jīng)過調(diào)整后將更好地體現(xiàn)“實用性強(qiáng)、應(yīng)用性強(qiáng)”的特點(diǎn)。期望《電力系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(英文改編版·原書第4版)(附盤)》能夠成為國內(nèi)電力系統(tǒng)專業(yè)教師、學(xué)生的優(yōu)秀參考教材。

在電力系統(tǒng)的歷史回顧和未來趨勢的展望的序言后，第二章幫助學(xué)生對之前的術(shù)語進(jìn)行了一個簡要的回顧。本章回顧了相位的概念、功率、以及單相和三相電路。第3章到第5章研究了電力變壓器，包括獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)、傳輸線參數(shù)以及傳輸線的穩(wěn)態(tài)運(yùn)行。第6章研究了潮流計算，包括牛頓-拉夫遜法、風(fēng)力發(fā)電的潮流建模、經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度以及優(yōu)化潮流。這幾章提供了對電力系統(tǒng)在三相平衡、穩(wěn)態(tài)和正常運(yùn)行下的基本理解。第7章到第10章則介紹了在常規(guī)電力系統(tǒng)短路保護(hù)下的對稱故障、對稱參數(shù)、不對稱故障以及系統(tǒng)保護(hù)。第11章研究了暫態(tài)穩(wěn)定性，包括搖擺方程式、等面積法則、以及考慮風(fēng)力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的多機(jī)穩(wěn)定性。第12章介紹了電力系統(tǒng)控制，包括發(fā)電機(jī)電壓控制、渦輪調(diào)速機(jī)控制、以及載荷頻率控制。

本書主要介紹電力市場環(huán)境下電力系統(tǒng)的一些問題等。

Contents

Preface iii

ChAPTER 1 Introduction 1

Case Study: How the Free Market Rocked the Grid 2

1.1History of Electric Power Systems 10

1.2Present and Future Trends 17

1.3Electric Utility Industry Structure 20

1.4Computers in Power System Engineering 21

1.5PowerWorld Simulator 22

ChAPTER 2 Fundamentals 29

Case Study: Key Connections 30

2.1Phasors 38

2.2Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 40

2.3Complex Power 45

2.4Network Equations 50

2.5Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 53

2.6Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 61

2.7Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 66

ChAPTER 3 Power Transformers 69

Case Study: Power Transformers—Life Management and Extension 70

3.1The Ideal Transformer 77

3.2Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 83

3.3 The Per-Unit System 89

ChAPTER 4

3.4Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 97

3.5Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 102

3.6Three-Winding Transformers 107

3.7Autotransformers 111

3.8Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios 113

Transmission Line Parameters 123

Case Study: Integrating North America’s Power Grid 124 Case Study: Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteries

of North America’s Power Grid 129

4.1Transmission Line Design Considerations 135

4.2Resistance 140

4.3Conductance 143

4.4Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 143

4.5Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 148

4.6Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 150

4.7Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 158

4.8Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 163

4.9Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 166

4.10Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 168

4.11Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 172

4.12Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 177

4.13Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 180

Contents

ChAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 183

Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies: An Overview of High Voltage Direct Current Systems and Applications 184

5.1Medium and Short Line Approximations 204

5.2Transmission-Line Differential Equations 211

5.3Equivalent p Circuit 217

5.4Lossless Lines 220

5.5Maximum Power Flow 228

5.6Line Loadability 230

5.7Reactive Compensation Techniques 235

ChAPTER 6 Power Flows 241

Case Study: Finding Flexibility—Cycling the Conventional Fleet 242

6.1Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination 262

6.2Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel 266

6.3Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson 272

6.4The Power Flow Problem 277

6.5Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 283

6.6Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 285

6.7Control of Power Flow 295

6.8Sparsity Techniques 301

6.9Fast Decoupled Power Flow 304

6.10The “DC” Power Flow 304

6.11Power Flow Modeling of Wind Generation 306

6.12Economic Dispatch 308

6.13Optimal Power Flow 321

ChAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 325

Case Study: Short-Circuit Modeling of a Wind Power Plant 326

7.1Series R–L Circuit Transients 345

7.2Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine 348

ChAPTER 8

ChAPTER 9

ChAPTER 10

7.3Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 352

7.4Bus Impedance Matrix 355

7.5Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 365

Symmetrical Components 373

Case Study: Technological Progress in High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 374

8.1Definition of Symmetrical Components 391

8.2Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 397

8.3Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 404

8.4Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 406

8.5Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 408

8.6Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 414

8.7Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers 420

8.8Power in Sequence Networks 422

Unsymmetrical Faults 425

Case Study: Innovative Medium Voltage Switchgear for Today’s Applications 426

9.1System Representation 433

9.2Single Line-to-Ground Fault 439

9.3Line-to-Line Fault 443

9.4Double Line-to-Ground Fault 446

9.5Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices 453

Transient Stability 463

Case Study: Down, but Not Out 465

10.1The Swing Equation 483

10.2Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents 489

10.3The Equal-Area Criterion 491

10.4Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation 501

10.5Multimachine Stability 505

10.6A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model 513

Contentsxiii

10.7Wind Turbine Machine Models 518

10.8Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability 524

ChAPTER 11 Power System Controls 527

Case Study: No Light in August: Power System Restoration Following the 2003 North American Blackout 530

11.1Generator-Voltage Control 545

11.2Turbine-Governor Control 549

11.3Load-Frequency Control 555

Appendix 561

目　錄

前言vi

第1章引言1

1.1

電力系統(tǒng)的歷史10

1.2

現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢17

1.3

電力工業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)20

1.4

計算機(jī)在電力系統(tǒng)工程中的應(yīng)用21

1.5

PowerWorld Simulator仿真軟件22

第2章基礎(chǔ)29

2.1

相量38

2.2

單相交流電路的瞬時功率40

2.3

復(fù)功率45

2.4

網(wǎng)絡(luò)方程50

2.5

三相平衡電路53

2.6

三相平衡電路的功率61

2.7

三相平衡電路與單相電路的比較優(yōu)勢66

第3章電力變壓器69

3.1

理想變壓器77

3.2

實際變壓器的等效電路83

3.3

標(biāo)幺制89

3.4

三相變壓器的連接和移相器97

3.5

三相雙繞組變壓器的標(biāo)幺值等效電路102

3.6

三繞組變壓器107

3.7

自耦變壓器111

3.8

非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變比變壓器113

目　錄xv

第4章輸電線路參數(shù)123

4.1

輸電線路設(shè)計的考慮因素135

4.2

電阻140

4.3

電導(dǎo)143

4.4

電感：實心圓柱導(dǎo)體143

4.5

電感：單相兩線和三相三線等相間距148

4.6

電感：復(fù)合導(dǎo)體、不等相間距、分裂導(dǎo)線150

4.7

串聯(lián)阻抗：中性導(dǎo)體和接地回路的三相導(dǎo)線158

4.8

電場和電壓：實心圓柱導(dǎo)體163

4.9

電容：單相兩線和三相三線等相間距166

4.10

電容：絞線、不相等的相間距、分裂導(dǎo)線168

4.11

并聯(lián)導(dǎo)納：線與中性導(dǎo)體和接地回路172

4.12

導(dǎo)體表面和大地的電場強(qiáng)度177

4.13

雙回路三相線路180

第5章輸電線路：穩(wěn)態(tài)運(yùn)行183

5.1

中等和短線路的等效模型204

5.2

輸電線路的微分方程211

5.3

π型等效電路217

5.4

無損線路220

5.5

最大潮流228

5.6

線路的負(fù)載能力230

5.7

無功補(bǔ)償技術(shù)235

第6章潮流241

6.1

對線性代數(shù)方程組的直接解決方法：高斯消元法262

6.2

線性代數(shù)方程組的迭代解法：雅可比和高斯-賽德爾迭代法266

6.3

非線性代數(shù)方程組的迭代解法：牛頓-拉夫遜法272

6.4

潮流問題277

6.5

高斯-賽德爾迭代法計算潮流283

6.6

牛頓-拉夫遜法計算潮流285

6.7

潮流控制295

6.8

稀疏技術(shù)301

6.9

快速分解法304

6.10

直流潮流304

6.11

風(fēng)機(jī)潮流建模306

6.12

經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度308

6.13

最優(yōu)潮流321

第7章對稱故障325

7.1

R-L串聯(lián)電路的暫態(tài)345

7.2

空載同步發(fā)電機(jī)三相短路348

7.3

電力系統(tǒng)三相短路352

7.4

節(jié)點(diǎn)阻抗矩陣355

7.5

斷路器和熔斷器的選擇365

第8章對稱分量373

8.1

對稱分量的定義391

8.2

阻抗負(fù)荷的序網(wǎng)絡(luò)397

8.3

串聯(lián)阻抗的序網(wǎng)絡(luò)404

8.4

三相線路的序網(wǎng)絡(luò)406

8.5

旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)的序網(wǎng)絡(luò)408

8.6

三相雙繞組變壓器的標(biāo)幺序網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型414

8.7

三相三繞組變壓器的標(biāo)幺序網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型420

8.8

序網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的功率422

第9章不對稱故障425

9.1

電力系統(tǒng)的表示433

9.2

單相接地故障439

9.3

相間故障443

9.4

兩相接地故障446

9.5

節(jié)點(diǎn)序阻抗矩陣453

第10章暫態(tài)穩(wěn)定463

10.1

轉(zhuǎn)子運(yùn)動方程483

10.2

同步電機(jī)的簡化模型和系統(tǒng)等效 489

10.3

等面積定則491

10.4

轉(zhuǎn)子運(yùn)動方程的數(shù)值積分501

10.5

多機(jī)穩(wěn)定性505

10.6

雙軸同步電機(jī)模型513

10.7

風(fēng)機(jī)模型518

10.8

提高暫態(tài)穩(wěn)定性的方法524

目　錄xvii

第11章電力系統(tǒng)控制527

11.1

發(fā)電機(jī)-電壓控制545

11.2

汽輪機(jī)-調(diào)速器控制549

11.3

負(fù)荷-頻率控制555

附錄5612100433B