構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)——現(xiàn)代建模和力學(xué)原理

Contents

preface pageix

Acknowledgments xi

Chapter 1 Motivations and opportunities 1

1.1 Earthquake hazards in southern California 2

1.2 Radar lineaments on Venus 9

1.3 Faulting in a North Sea hydrocarbon reservoir 11

1.4 Anticracks in southem France 16

1.5 Mountain building on the Colorado Plateau 20

1.6 Concluding remarks 24

Chapter 2 Structural mapping techniques and tools 25

2.1 Geographic coordinates and map projectios 27

2.2 Local coordinates and position vectors 34

2.3 Orientations ofstructural elements 52

2.4 Structural mapping using GPS technology 69

2.5 Concluding remarks 74

Chapter 3 Characterizing structures using differential geometry 75

3.1 The concept and description oflineations 77

3.2 The concept and description of curved surfaces 91

3.3 Applications of differential geometry to structural geology 114

3.4 Concluding remarks 119

Chapter 4 Physical quantities，fields，dimensions，and scaling 120

4.1 Physical quantities and the continuum 121

4.2 Physical dimensions and dimensional analysis 127

4.3 Dimensionless groups and the scaling of structural processes 132

4.4 Scaled laboratory models 143

4.5 Concluding remarks 150

Chapter 5 Deformation and flow 152

5.1 Rock deformation：some observations and a simple description 154

5.2 Evolving gwometry of a structure：kinematic models，velociy models and deformation 158

5.3 Relation between deformation and velocity fields 168

5.4 Velocity fields：the instantaneous state of motion 177

5.5 General results 183

5.6 Concluding remarks 192

Chapter 6 Force，traction，and stess 194

6.1 Concepts offurce and traction 196

6.2 Concept and analysis of stress 207

6.3 State of stess in the Earth 227

6.4 Concluding remarks 241

Chapter 7 Conservation of mass and momentum 243

7.1 Particle dynamics 245

7.2 Rigid-body dynamics and statics 248

7.3 Conservation of mass and momentum in a deformable continuum 260

7.4 Field equations for the elastic solid and viscous fluid 276

7.5 Concluding remarks 285

Chapter 8 Elastic deformation 287

8.1 Estimating rock properties form geological field tests 288

8.2 The idea1ized elastic material 292

8.3 Quasi-static displacement boundary value problems 299

8.4 Quasi-static traction boundaryvalue problems 308

8.5 Elastic properties form laboratory and engineering field tests 319

8.6 Elastic heterogeneity and anisotropy 323

8.7 Concluding remarks 331

Chapter 9 Brittle behavior 333

9.1 Brittle deformation in the laboratory and in the field 334

9.2 Strength of laboratory samples 337

9.3 Brittle fuilnre in a field ofhomogeneons Stress 357

9.4 Brittle fuilnre in a field ofheterogeneous stress 364

9.5 Fracture propagation and fault growth 371

9.6 Concluding remarks 382

Chapter 10 Viscous flow 384

10.1 Rock deformation by viscous flow 385

10.2 Constitutive relations fur isotropic viscpus flunids 386

10.3 Plane and antiplane flow 388

10.4 Viscous flow in layers：mullios and folds 396

10.5 Flow of anisotropic visscous fluids 416

10.6 Concluding remarks 420

Chapter 11 Rheological behavior 421

11.1 Departures from linear viscous flow 422

11.2 Boudinage and the non-linear power-law fluid 423

11.3 Coupling of viscous flow and macroscopic diffusional transport 440

11.4 Continuum properties of composite materials 446

11.5 Anisottopic f1uids and intema1 instability 450

11.6 Concluding remarks 455

Chapter 12 Model development and methodology 456

12.1 Idealization offield observations 457

12.2 Selection of genera1 boundary conditions 462

12.3 A methodology for the practice of structura1 geology 474

12.4 Concluding remarks 477

References 478

Index 497 2100433B

本書提供了一個現(xiàn)代的定量化方法來研究地質(zhì)構(gòu)造。在傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)容基礎(chǔ)上，突出了定量描述方法論，幾何學(xué)和運動學(xué)方法。本書介紹了微分幾何學(xué)地質(zhì)建模：綜合了常規(guī)的地圖空間信息和赤平投影方向數(shù)據(jù)建模，為地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的重現(xiàn)提供了一個有效手段。此版本僅限在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)（不包括香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)及臺灣地區(qū)）銷售。

狹義的構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)一般限于形變和變形機制方面的研究。構(gòu)造學(xué)或大地構(gòu)造學(xué)是對區(qū)域性宏觀構(gòu)造演化史的研究，也是構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)的組成部分。狹義的構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)與構(gòu)造學(xué)相輔相成，前者的研究是區(qū)域構(gòu)造演化的具體內(nèi)涵，而后者則是前者變形機制的成因環(huán)境和條件的綜合概括。

構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)最先是對構(gòu)造要素，即褶皺和斷裂的形態(tài)、變形組合的認識和分析，以及構(gòu)造均勻域區(qū)劃分帶的研究，而后又結(jié)合巖石組合特征，研究演化歷史和變形期次與階段。其核心是構(gòu)造演化的動力機制和成因模式，因而總與學(xué)說、假說相聯(lián)系。

該教材共十三章，在系統(tǒng)論述構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)基本理論的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，介紹了各種主要地質(zhì)構(gòu)造（線理、劈理、節(jié)理、褶皺和斷層等）的幾何學(xué)、運動學(xué)、動力學(xué)特征和相關(guān)研究方法，及構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)的重要進展，增加了“新構(gòu)造與新構(gòu)造運動”“不同構(gòu)造環(huán)境下的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造組合”“流變學(xué)與巖石塑性變形”等章節(jié)，并編制了一套構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)室內(nèi)實習(xí)圖件附于教材之后。